Concluding comments -- List of tables -- Preface to the second edition -- Preface to the first edition -- 2.9. Economics and the living environment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2. Welfare economics, environment and the biosphere -- 1.3. Ethics, values and environmental economics : alternative views -- 1.4. Economic growth, dynamics, uncertainty and the environment : differing views -- 1.5. Uncertainty, welfare and environmental issues -- 1.6. Conclusion -- 2. Global conservation strategies and concerns -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. A classification of conservation policies -- 2.3. The World Conservation Strategy and Caring for the Earth : origins, aims and basic principles -- 2.4. Ecological processes and life-support systems : agriculture, forests, marine and freshwater systems -- 2.5. Preservation of genetic diversity -- 2.6. Sustainable utilisation of species and ecosystems -- 2.7. Significant differences between Caring for the Earth and the World Conservation Strategy -- 2.8. International conservation concerns and priorities -- 2.9. Concluding comments -- 4.16. Concluding observations on conservation in LDCs -- 3.1. Introduction - choices about resource use and conservation -- 3.2. Market efficiency and externalities -- 3.3. Government policies 'to correct' for externalities -- 3.4. Public or collective good characteristics associated with the conservation of nature -- 3.5. Option demands, transaction costs, more on existence values, bequest, irreversibility and uncertainty -- 3.6. Discount rates as ground for government intervention -- 3.7. Monopolies and conservation -- 3.8. Common-property and intervention -- 3.9. Failure of political and administrative mechanisms in relation to conservation -- 3.10. Concluding comment -- 4. Environmental conservation in developing countries -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Basic conservation problems in the Third World : origin -- 4.3. Population growth and income aspirations -- 4.4. Expansion of the market system -- 4.5. New technology -- 4.6. Problems illustrated by some cases -- 4.7. High effective rates of discount -- 4.8. Difficulties in enforcing conservation measures an questions of social structure -- 4.9. Policies for influencing and improving conservation practices in the Third World -- 4.10. Provision of information and education -- 4.11. Appropriating greater gains nationally from conservation -- 4.12. Tourism as a means of appropriating gains from conservation -- 4.13. Improving the distribution of gains from conservation within LDCs -- 4.14. International aid and assistance, loans and trade -- 4.15. Global public good/externality considerations -- 4.16. Concluding observations on conservation in LDCs -- 6.6. Concluding comment -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Total economic value and the valuation of wildlife and biodiversity -- 5.3. Managing wildlife as a mixed good : simple analytics -- 5.4. Some economics consequences of interdependence between species -- 5.5. Criteria for deciding on species to save from extinction -- 5.6. Property rights in genetic material, GMOs, and the conservation of biodiversity -- 5.7. Globalisation, market extension and genetic diversity of domesticated animals and plants -- 5.8. Concluding comments -- 6. Open-access, common-property and natural resource management -- 6.1. Types of property and general consequences -- 6.2. Open-access : economic failures and their consequences -- 6.3. Policies for managing open-access resources -- 6.4. Further discussion of features of open-access to resources and its regulation -- 6.5. Ranching and farming as means to overcome open-access problems and conserve species -- 6.6. Concluding comment -- 8.7. Concluding remarks -- 7.1. Introduction: nature and availability of natural areas -- 7.2. Benefits and uses of natural protected areas -- 7.3. An overview of approaches to estimating the economic value of non-marketed commodities -- 7.4. Travel cost method of estimating the value of a natural area -- 7.5. Contingent valuation of natural areas -- 7.6. Hedonic price valuation of natural areas -- 7.7. Some additional economic valuation techniques -- 7.8. Using total economic values for social choices about resource use -- 7.9. Back to some fundamentals of economic economic valuation -- 7.10. Government versus non-government provision of natural areas -- 7.11. Concluding comment -- 8. Forestry, trees and conservation -- 8.1. Introduction: forest cover and uses -- 8.2. Commercial forestry for timber production -- 8.3. Multiple propose management of forests -- 8.4. Forests and trees in less developed countries -- 8.5. Economic policies, pollution, forests and trees -- 8.6. Forest plantations versus natural forests : a discussion -- 8.7. Concluding remarks -- 10.8. Concluding observations -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Externalities and agriculture -- 9.2.1. Agricultural externalities on agriculture -- 9.2.2. Agricultural spillovers on non-agricultural sectors and interests -- 9.3 Sustainability of agricultural systems -- 9.4. The Green Revolution, organic agriculture, permaculture -- 9.5. Pest and disease control in agriculture -- 9.6. Agriculture, biodiversity, trees and wildlife conservation -- 9.7. Genetically modified organisms in agriculture : economic and biodiversity issues -- 9.8. Concluding observations -- 10. Tourism, outdoor recreation and the natural environment -- 10.1 Introductory issues, dependence of tourism on the natural environment -- 10.2. Tourism destroys tourism and tourist assets -- 10.2.1. congestion or crowding and tourism -- 10.2.2. Destruction of tourism resources by visitors -- 10.3. Tourism area cycle and more on the dynamics of tourism -- 10.5. Tourism, conservation and the total economic value of a natural area and economic impact analysis -- 10.6. Sustainability, ecotourism and economics -- 10.7. Conflicts between tourists, variety in tourist areas, public finance issues and national gains -- 10.8. Concluding observations -- Index. Concluding observations -- 11.1 Background -- 11.2. Sustaining intergenerational economic welfare -- 11.3. Capital, natural resource conversion and human welfare : further considerations -- 11.4. Survival of the human species for as long as possible -- 11.5. Issues raised by the views of Daly and Georgescu-Roegen about sustainability -- 11.6. Resilience of production and economic systems and stationarity of their attributes -- 11.7. Cost-benefit analysis and sustainability -- 11.8. Sustainability of community -- 11.9. Sustaining biodiversity -- 11.10. Concluding remarks -- 12. Population, economic growth, globalisation and conservation : a concluding perspective -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Global population levels : characteristics and projections -- 12.3. Environmental consequences of population growth and economic demands -- 12.4. Environmental Kuznets curves : do they provide grounds for environmental optimism? -- 12.5. Is economic globalisation favourable or unfavourable to environmental conservation? -- 12.6. Concluding observations -- Index.
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