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05397aam a2200601 i 4500 001 E5FE82FE214711EEBC7340321FECA4DB 003 SILO 005 20230713010558 008 200723s2021 njuab b 001 0 eng 010 $a 2020033201 020 $a 1558769544 020 $a 9781558769540 020 $a 1558769552 020 $a 9781558769557 035 $a (OCoLC)1178869652 040 $a DLC $b eng $e rda $c DLC $d OCLCO $d OCLCF $d YDX $d UKMGB $d YHM $d NLMVD $d YDX $d YUS $d OCLCO $d SILO 042 $a pcc 043 $a l------ $a nwmq--- $a l------ 050 00 $a D768.18 $b .B65 2021 082 00 $a 940.53/729 $2 23 100 1 $a BoliÌvar, JoseÌ L., $e author. 245 14 $a The Caribbean front in World War II : $b the untold story of U-boats, spies, and economic warfare / $c JoseÌ L. BoliÌvar Fresneda. 246 30 $a Untold story of U-boats, spies, and economic warfare 264 1 $a Princeton : $b Markus Wiener Publishers, $c [2021] 300 $a xii, 273 pages : $b illustrations, maps ; $c 24 cm 504 $a Includes bibliographical references and index. 505 0 $a Preparedness and surprise attack -- The lopsided affair -- The beginning of the end -- The Gibralter of the Caribbean -- The War Economy -- The Silent War: Britain, the United States, and Martinique. 520 $a "The terrible toll on the American fleet suffered from the German U-boats in the Caribbean area has not been as thoroughly analyzed and documented as have the other settings of the Second World War, yet this was the area where twenty percent of all allied shipping was sunk with extraordinarily few losses to the German submarine fleet. The German reasoning was that roughly 95 percent of the oil production required to sustain the east coast of the United States- 59 million gallons per day- came from the Caribbean. Bauxite, a critical metal used in the manufacture of airplanes and other war-related products, was mined in British Guyana and transported through the Caribbean to the southern port of the United States. Both items were of importance not only to the United States, but also supplied a significant portion of the oil required by Great Britain. The islands of Aruba and Curaçao each had among the largest refineries in the world, and the geographical proximity to Venezuela provided the ideal situation for reducing transportation costs and ensuring adequate supplies. German U-boats destroyed part of the refineries. On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. By January 1942, U-boats were aligned to sink ships on the east coast of the United States. The Germans' undaunted success led them to try their luck in the Caribbean. German U-boats sank between 371 and 397 American ships in the Caribbean between January 1942 and July 1943, with three additional sinkings in 1944. The German submarine fleet was supported by a network of spies throughout the Caribbean, and by secret agreements with local dictators to supply the submarines with fuel and food. The United States navy was completely unprepared for this attack, and invested billions of dollars building bases, landing strips, roads, and infrastructures required to support a military contingent in the Caribbean. Puerto Rico had to become the Gibraltar of the Caribbean. The German submarine blockade caused a shortage of food in all the Caribbean islands, which depended on food imports from the US. This book describes the military activities in the Caribbean during World War II and their effect on the civilian population in the US Caribbean as well as on Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and the British and Dutch Caribbean. A special arrangement existed between the French Islands controlled by the Vichy regime. While at war with Germany the US kept diplomatic relationships with Vichy France, the German ally. Vichy kept most of its fleet and its complete gold reserves on Martinique, at a safe distance from Nazi Germany"-- $c Provided by publisher. 650 0 $a World War, 1939-1945 $z Caribbean Area. 650 0 $a World War, 1939-1945 $x Economic aspects $z Caribbean Area. 650 0 $a World War, 1939-1945 $z Martinique. 650 0 $a World War, 1939-1945 $x Campaigns $z Atlantic Ocean. 650 0 $a World War, 1939-1945 $x Submarine. $x Submarine. 651 0 $a Caribbean Area $x Foreign relations. 650 6 $a Guerre mondiale, 1939-1945 $z CaraiÌbes (ReÌgion) 650 6 $a Guerre mondiale, 1939-1945 $x Aspect eÌconomique $z CaraiÌbes (ReÌgion) 650 6 $a Guerre mondiale, 1939-1945 $z Martinique. 650 6 $a Guerre mondiale, 1939-1945 $x Campagnes et batailles $z Atlantique, OceÌan. 650 6 $a Guerre mondiale, 1939-1945 $x OpeÌrations sous-marines. 651 6 $a CaraiÌbes (ReÌgion) $x Relations exteÌrieures. 650 7 $a Diplomatic relations. $2 fast $0 (OCoLC)fst01907412 650 7 $a Economics. $2 fast $0 (OCoLC)fst00902116 650 7 $a Military campaigns. $2 fast $0 (OCoLC)fst01710190 650 7 $a Military operations, Naval $x Submarine. $2 fast $0 (OCoLC)fst01710248 651 7 $a Atlantic Ocean. $2 fast $0 (OCoLC)fst01240722 651 7 $a Caribbean Area. $2 fast $0 (OCoLC)fst01244080 651 7 $a Martinique. $2 fast $0 (OCoLC)fst01207564 648 7 $a 1939-1945 $2 fast 941 $a 2 952 $l OVUX522 $d 20240517010504.0 952 $l PLAX964 $d 20230718100223.0 956 $a http://locator.silo.lib.ia.us/search.cgi?index_0=id&term_0=E5FE82FE214711EEBC7340321FECA4DB 994 $a 92 $b IOHInitiate Another SILO Locator Search