Part I: Goals, skills, and functions of argumentation. An introduction to argumentation ; The elements of arguments ; Tools for analyzing arguments - Part II: The conditions of constructive argumentation. Ethical advocacy ; Reasonable arguments, reasonable people - Part III: Support : the content of arguments. Evaluating evidence ; Locating and evaluating sources of evidence ; Using statistics as evidence ; Using testimony as evidence - Part IV: Validity : the structure of arguments. Validity in conditional and enumeration arguments ; Validity in categorical arguments - Part V: Linguistic consistency : language in argument. Definition in argument ; Ambiguity, equivocation, and other language considerations - Part VI: Types and tests of arguments. Analogies, examples, metonymy, and narratives ; Reasoning about causes ; Moral and practical arguments ; Essential nature arguments ; Fallacies and appeals - Appendices: Developing and adapting your case. Appendix A: Policy case construction : the structure of debate ; Appendix B: Adapting arguments to an audience - Glossary.
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