Machine generated contents note: 21.9. References. B. Guieysse -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Requirements of photosynthetic microorganisms -- 1.3. Raceway ponds -- 1.4. Tubular photobioreactors -- 1.5. Flat-plate photobioreactors -- 1.6. Thin-layer systems -- 1.7. Comparative analysis -- 1.8. Modeling and control of photobioreactors -- 1.9. Future trends -- References -- 2. Heterotrophic and mixotrophic microalgae cultivation / F. Fischer -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Market demand and societal challenges -- 2.3. Heterotrohic and mixotrophic microalgae cultivation technologies -- 2.4. Heterotrophic and mixotrophic microalgae species and related consortia -- 2.5. Conclusion -- References -- 3. Microalgae cultivation in wastewater / R. Munoz -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Wastewater characteristics: Implications on microalgae cultivation -- 3.3. The cooperation between microalgae and bacteria -- 3.4. Pollutant removal mechanisms in microalgae-based wastewater treatment -- 3.5. Environmental and operational parameters for an efficient wastewater treatment in algal-bacterial photobioreactors -- 3.6. Microbial population dynamics -- 3.7. Implementation in photobioreactors -- References -- 4. Applications of genome-scale metabolic models of microalgae and cyanobacteria in biotechnology / J. Nogales -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. An overview of existing microalgae and cyanobacterial genres and their applications in biotechnology -- 4.3. Metabolic engineering -- 4.4. Contextualization of omics data -- 4.5. Outlook -- References -- 5. Harvesting of microalgae: Overview of process options and their strengths and drawbacks / L. Gouveia -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Requirements for an effective microalgae harvesting technology -- 5.3. Flocculation -- 5.4. Gravity-based technologies -- 5.5. Filtration-based separation technologies -- 5.6. Conclusions/summary/comparison of methods -- References -- 6. Cell disruption technologies / L. Bastiaens -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Cell wall types in various groups of microalgae and cyanobacteria -- 6.3. Physical methods for cell wall disruption -- 6.4. (Bio)chemical methods for cell wall disruption -- 6.5. Combined methods for cell wall disruption -- 6.6. Recent developments -- 6.7. Cell disruption effectiveness and quality bioproducts from microalgae -- 6.8. Cell disruption in large scale -- 6.9. Cost-effectiveness of disruption technologies -- 6.10. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7. Biogas production from microalgae / C. Gonzalez-Fernandez -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. How to cope with a limited hydrolysis stage during AD of microalgae: cell disruption/hydrolysis and its effect on organic matter solubilization and methane production -- 7.3. How to cope with a limited methanogenic stage during AD of microalgae: ammonia/ammonium as a major inhibitor of microalgae degradation -- 7.4. Alternative products using AD: low cost biorefinery -- 7.5. Reactor configuration and operation for biogas production using microalgae biomass as substrates -- 7.6. Life cycle analyses (LCA) and cost -- 7.7. Conclusions and future outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8. Breakthroughs in bioalcohol production from microalgae: Solving the hurdles / S. Bolado -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Carbohydrate content of different algal biomass -- 8.3. Methods for increasing carbohydrate content of the algal biomass -- 8.4. Pre treatments: Effect on release of sugars and degradation compounds -- 8.5. Hydrolysis: Sugar recovery from microalgae -- 8.6. Fermentation processes -- 8.7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9. Biohydrogen production from microalgae / G. Torzillo -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Biophotolysis -- 9.3. Dark fermentation -- 9.4. Life cycle assessment of hydrogen production routes from microalgae -- 9.5. Conclusions and future prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10. Biodiesel from microalgae / I. Tzovenis -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Microalgae as a feedstock for biodiesel production: The global context -- 10.3. Microalgal-based biodiesel production -- 10.4. Comparison between properties of biodiesel from microalgae other raw materials, and standard diesel -- 10.5. Economic feasibility of microalgal biodiesel: Major challenges -- 10.6. A case study in eastern mediterranean -- 10.7. Future trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 11. Pyrolysis of microalgae for fuel production / P. Pizarro -- 11.1. Introduction to pyrolysis -- 11.2. Non-catalytic pyrolysis -- 11.3. Catalytic pyrolysis -- 11.4. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis -- 11.5. Copyrolysis with other feedstocks -- 11.6. Life cycle assessment aspects -- 11.7. Technological challenges -- 11.8. Conclusions -- References -- 12. Biogas upgrading using algal-bacterial processes / R. Munoz -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Current physical/chemical technologies for biogas upgrading -- 12.3. Conventional biological technologies for biogas upgrading -- 12.4. Microbiology of CO2 fixation and H2S removal in algal-bacterial systems -- 12.5. Process implementation in photobioreactors -- 12.6. Limitations and perspectives of algal-bacterial processes for biogas upgrading -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13. Synthetic biology of cyanobacteria for production of biofuels and high-value products / M. Dolinar -- 13.1. Cyanobacteria -- 13.2. Tools for synthetic biology of cyanobacteria -- 13.3. Improving cyanobacterial carbon metabolism -- 13.4. Improving the partitioning of reducing power in cyanobacteria -- 13.5. Product range based on cyanobacterial synthetic biology -- 13.6. Low molecular weight compounds -- 13.7. Biosafety issues in cyanobacterial synthetic biology -- 13.8. Conclusion -- References -- 14. Biorefinery of algae: Technical and economic considerations / K. Elst -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Common techniques for product isolation from algae: Advantages and limitations -- 14.3. Cascading biorefinery concepts -- 14.4. Examples of lab-scale bi ore fineries of algae -- 14.5. Impact of biorefinery approaches on technoeconomic performance -- 14.6. Future needs and developments -- References -- Further reading -- 15. Microalgal proteins for feed, food and health / M. Garcia-Vaquero -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Microalgal culture -- 15.3. Microalgae as food -- 15.4. Protein uses as food and feed ingredients -- 15.5. Microalgal proteins for feed use -- 15.6. Microalgal protein associated small molecules including peptides and protease inhibitors -- 15.7. Antibacterial activity of microalgae -- 15.8. Antiinflammatories/HPA treatments/medical applications of microalgae in cancer treatment -- 15.9. Microalgal protein extraction methods -- 15.10. Regulatory requirements for use of microalgal proteins -- 15.11. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 16. Microalgal fatty acids -- From harvesting until extraction / A. Catarina Guedes -- 16.1. Introduction -- 16.2. Microalgae harvesting methods -- 16.3. Biomass concentration and optional extraction pretreatment -- 16.4. Fatty acid extraction -- 16.5. General conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 17. Cyanobacterial toxins as a high value-added product / B. Fernandes -- 17.1. Introduction -- 17.2. Cyanobacterial toxins -- 17.3. Potential applications of cyanotoxins -- 17.4. Specific features related to cyanotoxin production -- 17.5. Future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 18. Trends in red biotechnology: Microalgae for pharmaceutical applications / E. Imamoglu -- 18.1. Introduction -- 18.2. Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities -- 18.3. Cytotoxic, antitumor, and anticancer activities -- 18.4. Antimicrobial and antiviral effects -- 18.5. Antiallergic effects -- 18.6. Other therapeutic uses -- 18.7. Future prospects and conclusions -- References -- 19. Extraction of value-added compounds from microalgae / A.M.F. Palavra -- 19.1. Introduction -- 19.2. Extraction of carotenoids -- 19.3. Extraction of chlorophylls -- 19.4. Extraction of polysaccharides -- 19.5. Extraction of essential lipids/long-chain fatty acids -- 19.6. Proteins from microalgae -- 19.7. Green extraction and purification techniques -- 19.8. Market and commercialization of high-value products from microalgae -- 19.9. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 20. Economics of microalgae production / Z. Arbib -- 20.1. Introduction -- 20.2. Fundamentals of cost analysis methodology -- 20.3. Case study: Production of high-value carotenoids -- 20.4. Case study: Production of biomass for aquaculture -- 20.5. Case study: WWT using microalgae -- 20.7. Future trends -- References -- Further reading -- 21. Environmental impacts of full-scale algae cultivation / B. Guieysse -- 21.1. Introduction -- 21.2. Case study -- 21.3. Predicting algal productivity during outdoor cultivation -- 21.4. Energy demand -- 21.5. Water demand -- 21.6. Water footprint -- 21.7. Land use -- 21.8. Carbon footprint of algae cultivation -- 21.9. Algal cultivation during wastewater treatment -- References.
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