28.5. Approximate Analysis of the Concentration 1.1. Fluids and the Continuum -- 1.2. Properties at a Point -- 1.3. Point-to-Point Variation of Properties in a Fluid -- 1.4. Units -- 1.5. Compressibility -- 1.6. Surface Tension -- 2. Fluid Statics -- 2.1. Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid -- 2.2. Uniform Rectilinear Acceleration -- 2.3. Forces on Submerged Surfaces -- 2.4. Buoyancy -- 2.5. Closure -- 3. Description of a Fluid in Motion -- 3.1. Fundamental Physical Laws -- 3.2. Fluid-Flow Fields: Lagrangian and Eulerian Representations -- 3.3. Steady and Unsteady Flows -- 3.4. Streamlines -- 3.5. Systems and Control Volumes -- 4. Conservation of Mass: Control-Volume Approach -- 4.1. Integral Relation -- 4.2. Specific Forms of the Integral Expression -- 4.3. Closure -- 5. Newton's Second Law of Motion: Control-Volume Approach -- 5.1. Integral Relation for Linear Momentum -- 5.2. Applications of the Integral Expression for Linear Momentum -- 5.3. Integral Relation for Moment of Momentum -- 5.4. Applications to Pumps and Turbines -- 5.5. Closure -- 6. Conservation of Energy: Control-Volume Approach -- 6.1. Integral Relation for the Conservation of Energy -- 6.2. Applications of the Integral Expression -- 6.3. The Bernoulli Equation -- 6.4. Closure -- 7. Shear Stress in Laminar Flow -- 7.1. Newton's Viscosity Relation -- 7.2. Non-Newtonian Fluids -- 7.3. Viscosity -- 7.4. Shear Stress in Multidimensional Laminar Flows of a Newtonian Fluid -- 7.5. Closure -- 8. Analysis of a Differential Fluid Element in Laminar Flow -- 8.1. Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Circular Conduit of Constant Cross Section -- 8.2. Laminar Flow of a Newtonian Fluid Down an Inclined-Plane Surface -- 8.3. Closure -- 9. Differential Equations of Fluid Flow -- 9.1. The Differential Continuity Equation -- 9.2. Navier -- Stokes Equations -- 9.3. Bernoulli's Equation -- 9.4. Spherical Coordinate Forms of the Navier -- Stokes Equations -- 9.5. Closure -- 10. Inviscid Fluid Flow -- 10.1. Fluid Rotation at a Point -- 10.2. The Stream Function -- 10.3. Inviscid, Irrotational Flow about an Infinite Cylinder -- 10.4. Irrotational Flow, the Velocity Potential -- 10.5. Total Head in Irrotational Flow -- 10.6. Utilization of Potential Flow -- 10.7. Potential Flow Analysis -- Simple Plane Flow Cases -- 10.8. Potential Flow Analysis -- Superposition -- 10.9. Closure -- 11. Dimensional Analysis and Similitude -- 11.1. Dimensions -- 11.2. Dimensional Analysis of Governing Differential Equations -- 11.3. The Buckingham Method -- 11.4. Geometric, Kinematic, and Dynamic Similarity -- 11.5. Model Theory -- 11.6. Closure -- 12. Viscous Flow -- 12.1. Reynolds's Experiment -- 12.2. Drag -- 12.3. The Boundary-Layer Concept -- 12.4. The Boundary-Layer Equations -- 12.5. Blasius's Solution for the Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate -- 12.6. Flow with a Pressure Gradient -- 12.7. Von Karman Momentum Integral Analysis -- 12.8. Description of Turbulence -- 12.9. Turbulent Shearing Stresses -- 12.10. The Mixing-Length Hypothesis -- 12.11. Velocity Distribution from the Mixing-Length Theory -- 12.12. The Universal Velocity Distribution -- 12.13. Further Empirical Relations for Turbulent Flow -- 12.14. The Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate -- 12.15. Factors Affecting the Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow -- 12.16. Closure -- 13. Flow in Closed Conduits -- 13.1. Dimensional Analysis of Conduit Flow -- 13.2. Friction Factors for Fully Developed Laminar, Turbulent, and Transition Flow in Circular Conduits -- 13.3. Friction Factor and Head-Loss Determination for Pipe Flow -- 13.4. Pipe-Flow Analysis -- 13.5. Friction Factors for Flow in the Entrance to a Circular Conduit -- 13.6. Closure -- 14. Fluid Machinery -- 14.1. Centrifugal Pumps -- 14.2. Scaling Laws for Pumps and Fans -- 14.3. Axial- and Mixed-Flow Pump Configurations -- 14.4. Turbines -- 14.5. Closure -- 15. Fundamentals of Heat Transfer -- 15.1. Conduction -- 15.2. Thermal Conductivity -- 15.3. Convection -- 15.4. Radiation -- 15.5. Combined Mechanisms of Heat Transfer -- 15.6. Closure -- 16. Differential Equations of Heat Transfer -- 16.1. The General Differential Equation for Energy Transfer -- 16.2. Special Forms of the Differential Energy Equation -- 16.3. Commonly Encountered Boundary Conditions -- 16.4. Closure -- 17. Steady-State Conduction -- 17.1. One-Dimensional Conduction -- 17.2. One-Dimensional Conduction with Internal Generation of Energy -- 17.3. Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces -- 17.4. Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems -- 17.5. Closure -- 18. Unsteady-State Conduction -- 18.1. Analytical Solutions -- 18.2. Temperature-Time Charts for Simple Geometric Shapes -- 18.3. Numerical Methods for Transient Conduction Analysis -- 18.4. An Integral Method for One-Dimensional Unsteady Conduction -- 18.5. Closure -- 19. Convective Heat Transfer -- 19.1. Fundamental Considerations in Convective Heat Transfer -- 19.2. Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer -- 19.3. Dimensional Analysis of Convective Energy Transfer -- 19.4. Exact Analysis of the Laminar Boundary Layer -- 19.5. Approximate Integral Analysis of the Thermal Boundary Layer -- 19.6. Energy- and Momentum-Transfer Analogies -- 19.7. Turbulent Flow Considerations -- 19.8. Closure -- 20. Convective Heat-Transfer Correlations -- 20.1. Natural Convection -- 20.2. Forced Convection for Internal Flow -- 20.3. Forced Convection for External Flow -- 20.4. Closure -- 21. Boiling and Condensation -- 21.1. Boiling -- 21.2. Condensation -- 21.3. Closure -- 22. Heat-Transfer Equipment -- 22.1. Types of Heat Exchangers -- 22.2. Single-Pass Heat-Exchanger Analysis: The Log-Mean Temperature Difference -- 22.3. Crossflow and Shell-and-Tube Heat-Exchanger Analysis -- 22.4. The Number-of-Transfer-Units (NTU) Method of Heat-Exchanger Analysis and Design -- 22.5. Additional Considerations in Heat-Exchanger Design -- 22.6. Closure -- 23. Radiation Heat Transfer -- 23.1. Nature of Radiation -- 23.2. Thermal Radiation -- 23.3. The Intensity of Radiation -- 23.4. Planck's Law of Radiation -- 23.5. Stefan -- Boltzmann Law -- 23.6. Emissivity and Absorptivity of Solid Surfaces -- 23.7. Radiant Heat Transfer Between Black Bodies -- 23.8. Radiant Exchange in Black Enclosures -- 23.9. Radiant Exchange with Reradiating Surfaces Present -- 23.10. Radiant Heat Transfer Between Gray Surfaces -- 23.11. Radiation from Gases -- 23.12. The Radiation Heat-Transfer Coefficient -- 23.13. Closure -- 24. Fundamentals of Mass Transfer -- 24.1. Molecular Mass Transfer -- 24.2. The Diffusion Coefficient -- 24.3. Convective Mass Transfer -- 24.4. Closure -- 25. Differential Equations of Mass Transfer -- 25.1. The Differential Equation for Mass Transfer -- 25.2. Special Forms of the Differential Mass-Transfer Equation -- 25.3. Commonly Encountered Boundary Conditions -- 25.4. Steps for Modeling Processes Involving Molecular Diffusion -- 25.5. Closure -- 26. Steady-State Molecular Diffusion -- 26.1. One-Dimensional Mass Transfer Independent of Chemical Reaction -- 26.2. One-Dimensional Systems Associated with Chemical Reaction -- 26.3. Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems -- 26.4. Simultaneous Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer -- 26.5. Closure -- 27. Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion -- 27.1. Unsteady-State Diffusion and Fick's Second Law -- 27.2. Transient Diffusion in a Semi-Infinite Medium -- 27.3. Transient Diffusion in a Finite-Dimensional Medium under Conditions of Negligible Surface Resistance -- 27.4. Concentration-Time Charts for Simple Geometric Shapes -- 27.5. Closure -- 28. Convective Mass Transfer -- 28.1. Fundamental Considerations in Convective Mass Transfer -- 28.2. Significant Parameters in Convective Mass Transfer -- 28.3. Dimensional Analysis of Convective Mass Transfer -- 28.4. Exact Analysis of the Laminar Concentration Boundary Layer -- 28.5. Approximate Analysis of the Concentration The Viscous Contribution to the Normal Stress D. Mass-, Energy-, and Momentum-Transfer Analogies -- 28.7. Models for Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficients -- 28.8. Closure -- 29. Convective Mass Transfer Between Phases -- 29.1. Equilibrium -- 29.2. Two-Resistance Theory -- 29.3. Closure -- 30. Convective Mass-Transfer Correlations -- 30.1. Mass Transfer to Plates, Spheres, and Cylinders -- 30.2. Mass Transfer Involving Flow Through Pipes -- 30.3. Mass Transfer in Wetted-Wall Columns -- 30.4. Mass Transfer in Packed and Fluidized Beds -- 30.5. Gas -- Liquid Mass Transfer in Bubble Columns and Stirred Tanks -- 30.6. Capacity Coefficients for Packed Towers -- 30.7. Steps for Modeling Mass-Transfer Processes Involving Convection -- 30.8. Closure -- 31. Mass-Transfer Equipment -- 31.1. Types of Mass-Transfer Equipment -- 31.2. Gas -- Liquid Mass-Transfer Operations in Well-Mixed Tanks -- 31.3. Mass Balances for Continuous-Contact Towers: Operating-Line Equations -- 31.4. Enthalpy Balances for Continuous-Contacts Towers -- 31.5. Mass-Transfer Capacity Coefficients -- 31.6. Continuous-Contact Equipment Analysis -- 31.7. Closure -- Nomenclature -- Chapter Homework Problems -- APPENDICES -- A. Transformations of the Operators V and V2 to Cylindrical Coordinates -- B. Summary of Differential Vector Operations in Various Coordinate Systems -- C. Symmetry of the Stress Tensor -- D. The Viscous Contribution to the Normal Stress N. Standard Tubing Gages. F. Charts for Solution of Unsteady Transport Problems -- G. Properties of the Standard Atmosphere -- H. Physical Properties of Solids -- I. Physical Properties of Gases and Liquids -- J. Mass-Transfer Diffusion Coefficients in Binary Systems -- K. Lennard -- Jones Constants -- L. The Error Function -- M. Standard Pipe Sizes -- N. Standard Tubing Gages.
Summary:
"Momentum transfer in a fluid involves the study of the motion of fluids and the forces that produce these motions. From Newton's second law of motion it is known that force is directly related to the time rate of change of momentum of a system. Excluding action-at-a-distance forces, such as gravity, the forces acting on a fuid, such as those resulting from pressure and shear stress, may be shown to be the result of microscopic (molecular) transfer of momentum. Thus, the subject under consideration, which is historically fluid mechanics, may equally be termed momentum transfer. The history of fluid mechanics shows the skillful blending of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century analytical work in hydrodynamics with the empirical knowledge in hydraulics that man has collected over the ages. The mating of these separately developed disciplines was started by Ludwig Prandtl in 1904 with his boundary-layer theory, which was verifed by experiment. Modern fluid mechanics, or momentum transfer, is both analytical and experimental"-- Provided by publisher.
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