Introduction. Demographic approaches in ecotoxicology: state of the art -- The toxicologists' and ecologists' point of view--unification through a demographic approach. Demographic approaches. Dynamic effects of compounds on animal energetics and their population consequences -- Life table response experiments in ecotoxicology -- Stochastic and density-dependent models in ecotoxicology -- Effects of heavy metals on the badger Meles meles: interaction between habitat quality and fragmentation -- Cadmium and zinc accumulation and it demographic effects on invertebrates -- Small mammal response at population and community level to heavy metal pollution (Pb, Cd, Tl). Evolution in polluted environments. Evolution in toxic enviornments: quantitative versus major gene approaches -- Review of experimental evidence for physiological costs of tolerance to toxicants -- Multi-generation effects at the population level: fitness maximisation and optimal allocation in a nematode -- Optimal allocation, life history and heavy metal accumulation: a dynamic programming model -- Preadapted populations in metal-polluted environments. Validity and links between biochemistry, physiology and demography. Relationships between enzymatic response and animal population demography in polluted environments -- Tissue changes in animals and their population effects. Open problems and recommendations for risk assessment. Demographic approaches in ecotoxicology--open problems -- Implications for ecological risk assessment: the risk quotient life-cycle approach.
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