1. Stretching : the first trail finders from gathering cultures to great empires -- 2. Reaching : exploring the oceans to about a thousand years ago -- 3. Stirring : landward explorations in late antiquity and the middle ages -- 4. Springing : the maritime turn of the late Middle Ages and the penetration of the Atlantic -- 5. Vaulting : the great leap forward of the 1490s -- 6. Girdling : connecting global routes, c.1500-c.1620 -- 7. Connecting : global reconvergence, c.1620-c.1740 -- 8. Deepening : enhancing the world-picture, c.1740s-c.1840s -- 9. Globalizing : the narrowing horizon, c.1850-c.2000.
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