1. Introduction -- 1.1. Structure of this book -- Works cited -- Part I. Challenges for the profession -- 2. Torture and terrorism overview -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. What is considered "terrorism"? -- 2.3. The power of terrorist rhetoric -- 2.4. Tools for framing the discussion -- 2.5. How do we set boundaries? -- 2.6. It pays to consider the labels we use -- 2.7. Grappling with the concept of evil -- 2.8. Evil and torture -- 2.9. Different kinds of warfare -- 2.10. Polarization in the War of Terror -- 2.11. Problems with polarization in the War on Terror -- 2.12. How do we bolster the "ethics" in medical ethics? -- 2.13. The path to torture -- 2.14. The terms we use make all the difference -- 2.15. Doctors add legitimacy -- 2.16. Conflicting loyalties, messy dilemmas -- 2.17. Doctors' susceptibility to pressure -- 2.18. Torture casts a long shadow -- 2.19. Conclusion -- Works cited -- 3. Global considerations -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Doctors' involvement in torture -- 3.3. Exceptions can become normalized -- 3.4. And doctors get pulled in 3.5. Psychologists cross the ethical boundary too -- 3.6. From the few to the many -- 3.7. Moral quandaries in assisting torture victims -- 3.8. The extent of doctors' participation in torture -- 3.9. There are various ways to lose one's bearings -- 3.10. There are still lessons to learn -- 3.11. Secrecy -- 3.12. The questionable effectiveness of torture -- 3.13. Rendition -- 3.14. The CIA "Black Sites" offer the ultimate secrecy -- 3.15. Secrecy undermines human rights -- 3.16. Conclusion -- Works cited -- 4. Global torture -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. First case : the Mau Mau of Kenya (1950s) -- 4.3. Doctors played a role in the abuse -- 4.4. Second case : Colonia Dignidad Nazi Camp in Chile (1970s) -- 4.5. Third case : torture in the Philippines (2014) -- 4.6. Torturers and torture victims -- 4.7. Fourth case : Uzbekistan (2014-2015) -- 4.8. The lack of transparency adds to the problem -- 4.9. Fifth case : Syria (2003-2017) -- 4.10. Sixth case : Abu Ghraib -- 4.11. Conclusion -- 4.12. And then there is the medical profession -- Works cited -- Part II. Boundaries of torture -- 5. Boundaries of torture -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Where do we find torture - and by whom? -- 5.3. The infliction of pain -- 5.4. The "five techniques" -- 5.5. The domain of pain : torture on the physical plane -- 5.6. The use of mental and psychological abuse -- 5.7. Justifying torture with hypotheticals -- 5.8. The slippery slope of "force drift" -- 5.9. Putting "force drift" to work -- 5.10. Mental pain and torture -- 5.11. Employing a "mind virus" -- 5.12. Making victims feel responsible for their pain -- 5.13. Clustering : combining methods of abuse -- 5.14. How does language figure in? -- 5.15. Twisting language -- 5.16. And then it's all couched in secrecy -- 5.17. The impact of manipulating language -- 5.18. The language games -- 5.19. Strategies for justifying "forceful"/"enhanced" interrogation -- 5.20. What are the consequences of such strategies? -- 5.21. Shaping public consciousness -- 5.22. The use of language : medical personnel -- 5.23. Conclusion -- Works cited -- 6. Degradation and dehumanization -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. First strategy : hooding -- 6.3. The cost is not insignificant -- 6.4. Second strategy : forced nudity -- 6.5. Three : force-feeding -- 6.6. Breaking hunger strikes with force-feeding -- 6.7. "Rectal hydration" -- 6.8. Responding to hunger strikes -- 6.9. What about other kinds of forced treatment? -- 6.10. Not all enable degrading practices -- 6.11. Addressing dual loyalties -- 6.12. Four : waterboarding -- 6.13. Five : humiliation -- 6.14. Prolonged diapering -- 6.15. Another form of humiliation is sexual abuse -- 6.16. The case of Abu Ghraib -- 6.17. The case of Yemeni prisons -- 6.18. Conclusion -- Works cited -- 7. Solitary confinement -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. The misuse of solitary -- 7.3. First case : lawyer Xie Yanyi -- 7.4. Second case : detainee Jose Padilla -- 7.5. Third case : hostages Terry Anderson and Frank Reed -- 7.6. Fourth case : prisoners Robert King, Herman Wallace, and Albert Woodfox, AKA "The Angola Three" -- 7.7. Fifth case : death row convicts Marcus Hamilton, Winthrop Eaton and Michael Perry -- 7.8. Overview of issues -- 7.9. The harms of solitary -- 7.10. Abusive and aggressive forms of solitary -- 7.11. Descriptions and denials -- 7.12. The use of euphemisms -- 7.13. Where is the outrage? -- 7.14. Working for change -- 7.15. What role can doctors play? -- 7.16. Conclusion -- Works cited -- Part III. Ethical assessment -- 8. Ethical theory -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Moral agency and culpability -- 8.3. The major ethical theories -- 8.4. Teleological ethics -- 8.5. Ethical egoism -- 8.6. Applying the theory -- 8.7. Ethical relativism -- 8.8. Applying the theory -- 8.9. Utilitarianism -- 8.10. Applying the theory -- 8.11. Deontological ethics -- 8.12. Kantian ethics -- 8.13. Applying the theory -- 8.14. W.D. Ross's Prima Facie duties -- 8.15. Applying the theory -- 8.16. John Rawls's justice theory -- 8.17. Applying the theory -- 8.18. Virtue ethics -- 8.19. Applying the theory -- 8.20. Feminist ethics -- 8.21. Applying the theory -- 8.22. Conclusion -- Works cited -- 9. Applied ethics : principles and perspectives -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Beachamp's and Childress's basic principles of western bioethics -- 9.2.1. Principle #1 : patient autonomy -- 9.2.2. Principles #2 and #3: beneficence and non-maleficence -- 9.2.3. Principle #4 : justice -- 9.3. Torture is unjust -- 9.4. Bernard Gert's universal moral rules -- 9.4.1. Do not kill -- 9.4.2. Do not deceive -- 9.4.3. Do not cause pain -- 9.4.4. Keep your promises -- 9.4.5. Do not disable -- 9.4.6. Do not cheat -- 9.4.7. Do not deprive of freedom -- 9.4.8. Obey the law -- 9.4.9. Do not deprive of pleasure -- 9.4.10. Do your duty -- 9.5. The World Medical Association -- 9.6. The Declaration of Tokyo -- 9.7. The American Medical Association -- 9.8. The International Council of Nurses -- 9.9. Istanbul Protocol : obligations to prevent torture -- 9.10. Physicians for Human Rights -- 9.11. Conclusion -- 9.12. What, then, follows from this? -- 9.13. Working for change -- Works cited.
Series:
International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine ; Volume 80
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