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03470aam a2200385 i 4500 001 EE4B7C10673211EEBF3E118F48ECA4DB 003 SILO 005 20231010010145 008 210312t20212021nyua e b 001 0 eng 010 $a 2020049213 020 $a 0190605138 020 $a 9780190605131 035 $a (OCoLC)1197720072 040 $a DLC $b eng $e rda $c DLC $d OCLCO $d OCLCF $d TOH $d NJM $d JAS $d UIB $d SILO 042 $a pcc 043 $a n-usn-- 050 00 $a LC214.22.N67 $b B87 2021 082 00 $a 379.2/630974 $2 23 100 1 $a Burkholder, ZoeÌ, $e author. 245 13 $a An African American dilemma : $b a history of school integration and civil rights in the North / $c ZoeÌ Burkholder. 264 1 $a New York, NY : $b Oxford University Press, $c [2021] 300 $a xi, 297 pages : $b illustrations ; $c 25 cm 500 $a Includes bibliographical references and index. 505 0 $a Introduction -- Caste abolished : integration for freedom, 1840-1900 -- The education that is their due : separation for racial uplift, 1900-1940 -- A powerful weapon : integration for equality, 1940-1965 -- Conflict in the community : separation for Black Power, 1966-1974 -- An armageddon of righteousness : integration for justice, 1974-present -- Conclusion. 520 $a "Since Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 Americans have viewed school integration as a central tenet of the black civil rights movement. Yet, school integration was not the only-or even always the dominant-civil rights strategy. At times, African Americans also fought for separate, Black-controlled schools dedicated to racial uplift, community empowerment, and self-determination. An African American Dilemma offers a social history of debates over school integration within northern Black communities from the 1840s to the present. This broad geographical and temporal focus reveals that northern Black educational activists vacillated between a preference for either school integration or separation during specific eras. Yet, as there was never a consensus, this study also highlights the chorus of dissent, debate, and counter-narratives that pushed families to consider a fuller range of educational reforms. A sweeping historical analysis that covers the entire history of public education in the North, this study complicates our understanding of school integration by highlighting the diverse perspectives of Black students, parents, teachers, and community leaders all committed to improving public education. It finds that Black school integrationists and separatists have worked together in a dynamic tension that fueled effective strategies for educational reform and the black civil rights movement. This study draws on an enormous range of archival data including the black press, school board records, social science studies, the papers of civil rights activists, and court cases"-- $c Provided by publisher. 650 0 $a School integration $z Northeastern States $x History. 650 0 $a African American schools $z Northeastern States $x History. 650 0 $a Public schools $z Northeastern States $x History. 650 0 $a Segregation in education $z Northeastern States $x History. 650 0 $a African Americans $x History. $z Northeastern States $x History. 650 0 $a African Americans $x History. $z Northeastern States $x History. 941 $a 1 952 $l BOPG851 $d 20231010024100.0 956 $a http://locator.silo.lib.ia.us/search.cgi?index_0=id&term_0=EE4B7C10673211EEBF3E118F48ECA4DB 994 $a C0 $b UIBInitiate Another SILO Locator Search