Recursive input/output -- Fortran's early history -- The drive for the Fortran 90 standard -- Language evolution -- Fortran 95 -- Extensions to Fortran 95 -- Fortran 2003 -- Extensions to Fortran 2003 -- Fortran 2008 -- Extensions to Fortran 2008 -- Fortran 2018 -- Conformance -- Language elements -- Fortran character set -- Tokens -- Source form -- Concept of type -- Literal constants of intrinsic type -- Names -- Scalar variables of intrinsic type -- Derived data types -- Arrays of intrinsic type -- Character substrings -- Pointers -- Objects and subobjects -- $t Expressions and assignments -- Scalar numeric expression -- Defined and undefined variables -- Scalar numeric assignment -- Scalar relational operators -- Scalar logical expresssion and assignments -- Scalar character expressions and assignments -- Structure constructors -- Scalar defined operators -- Scalar defined assignments -- Array expressions -- Array assignment -- Pointers in expressions and assignments -- The nullify statement -- Control constructs -- The if construct and statement -- The case construct -- The do context -- Exit from nearly any construct -- The go to statement -- Program units and procedures -- $t Main program -- The stop statement -- External subprograms -- Modules -- Internal subprograms -- Arguments of procedures -- The return statement -- Argument intent -- Functions -- Explicit and implicit interfaces -- Procedures as arguments -- Keyword and optional arguments -- Scope of labels -- Scope of names -- Direct recursion -- Indirect recursion -- Overloading and generic interfaces -- Assumed character length -- The subroutine and function statements -- Allocation of data -- The allocatable attribute -- Deferred type parameters -- Allocatable scalars -- The allocate statement -- The deallocate statement -- Automatic reallocation -- Transferring an allocation -- Allocatable dummy arguments -- Allocatable functions -- Allocatable components -- Allocatable arrays vs. pointers -- Array features -- Zero-sized arrays -- Automatic objects -- Elemental operations and assignments -- Array-valued functions -- The where statement and construct -- Mask arrays -- Pure procedures -- Elemental procedures -- Impure elemental procedures -- Array elements -- Array subojects -- Arrays of pointers -- Pointers as aliases -- Pointer assignment -- Array constructors -- The do concurrent construct -- Performance-oriented features -- Specification statements -- Implicit typing -- Named constants -- Constant expressions -- Initial values for variables -- Accessibility -- Pointer functions denoting variables -- The pointer, target, and allocatable statements -- The intent and optional statements -- The save attribute -- Volatility -- The asynchronous attribute -- The block construct -- The use statement -- Derived-type definitions -- The type declaration statement -- Type and type parameter specification -- Specification expressions -- Structure constructors -- The namelist statement -- Intrinsic procedures and modules -- Inquiry functions for any type -- Elemental numeric functions -- Elemental mathematical functions -- Transformational functions for Bessel functions -- Elemental character and logical functions -- Non-elemental string-handling functions -- Character inquiry function -- Numeric inquiry and manipulation functions -- Bit manipulation procedures -- Transfer function -- Vector and matrix multiplication functions -- Transformational functions that reduce arrays -- Array inquiry functions -- Array construction and manipulation functions -- Transformational functions for geometric location -- Transformational function for disassociated or unallocated -- Non-elemental intrinsic subroutines -- Access to the computing equipment -- Elemental functions for I/O status testing -- Size of an object in memory -- Miscellaneous procedures -- Intrinsic modules -- Fortran environment -- Data transfer -- Number conversion -- I/O lists -- Format definition -- Unit numbers -- Internal files -- Formatted input -- Formatted output -- List-directed I/O -- Namelist I/O -- Non-advancing I/O -- Unformatted I/O -- Direct-access files -- UTF-8 files -- Asynchronous input/output -- Stream access file -- Execution of a data transfer statement -- Edit descriptors -- Character string edit descriptor -- Data edit descriptors -- Control edit descriptors -- Changeable file connection modes -- Defined derived-type input/output -- Recursive input/output -- D Solutions to exercises. 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Positioning statements for sequential files -- 12.3 The flush statement -- 12.4 The open statement -- 12.5 The close statement -- 12.6 The inquire statement -- 12.7 Summary -- 13 Advanced type parameter features -- 13.1 Type parameter inquiry -- 13.2 Parameterized derived types -- 14 Procedure pointers -- 14.1 Abstract interfaces -- 14.2 Procedure pointers -- 15 Object-oriented programming -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Type extension -- 15.3 Polymorphic entities -- 15.4 Typed and sourced allocation -- 15.5 Assignment for allocatable polymorphic variables -- 15.6 The associate construct -- 15.7 The select type construct -- 15.8 Type-bound procedures -- 15.9 Design for overriding -- 15.10 Deferred bindings and abstract types -- 15.11 Finalization -- 15.12 Procedure encapsulation example -- 15.13 Type inquiry functions -- 16 Submodules -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Separate module procedures -- 16.3 Submodules of submodules -- 16.4 Submodule entities -- 16.5 Submodules and use association -- 16.6 The advantages of submodules -- 17 Coarrays -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Referencing images -- 17.3 The properties of coarrays -- 17.4 Accessing coarrays -- 17.5 The sync all statement -- 17.6 Allocatable coarrays -- 17.7 Coarrays with allocatable or pointer components -- 17.8 Coarray components -- 17.9 Coarrays in procedures -- 17.10 References to polymorphic subobjects -- 17.11 Volatile and asynchronous attributes -- 17.12 Interoperability -- 17.13 Synchronization -- 17.14 Program termination -- 17.15 Input/output -- 17.16 Intrinsic procedures -- 17.17 Arrays of different sizes on different images -- 18 Floating-point exception handling -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 The IEEE standard -- 18.3 Access to the features -- 18.4 The Fortran flags -- 18.5 Halting -- 18.6 The rounding mode -- 18.7 The underflow mode -- 18.8 The module ieee_exceptions -- 18.9 The module ieee_arithmetic -- 18.10 Examples -- 19 Interoperability with C -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Interoperability of intrinsic types -- 19.3 Interoperability with C pointer types -- 19.4 Interoperability of derived types -- 19.5 Shape and character length disagreement -- 19.6 Interoperability of variables -- 19.7 Function c_sizeof -- 19.8 The value attribute -- 19.9 Interoperability of procedures -- 19.10 Interoperability of global data -- 19.11 Invoking a C function from Fortran -- 19.12 Invoking Fortran from C -- 19.13 Enumerations -- 20 Fortran 2018 coarray enhancements -- 20.1 Teams -- 20.2 Image failure -- 20.3 Form team statement -- 20.4 Change team construct -- 20.5 Coarrays allocated in teams -- 20.6 Critical construct and image failure -- 20.7 Lock and unlock statements and image failure -- 20.8 Sync team statement -- 20.9 Image selectors -- 20.10 Procedure calls and teams -- 20.11 Intrinsic functions get_team and team_number -- 20.12 Intrinsic function image_index -- 20.13 Intrinsic function num_images -- 20.14 Intrinsic function this_image -- 20.15 Intrinsic function coshape -- 20.16 Intrinsic function move_alloc -- 20.17 Fail image statement -- 20.18 Detecting failed and stopped images -- 20.19 Collective subroutines -- 20.20 New atomic subroutines -- 20.21 Failed images and stat= specifiers -- 20.22 Events -- 21 Fortran 2018 enhancements to interoperability with C -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Optional arguments -- 21.3 Low-level C interoperability -- 21.4 Assumed character length -- 21.5 C descriptors -- 21.6 Accessing Fortran objects -- 21.7 Calling Fortran with C descriptors -- 21.8 Restrictions -- 21.9 Miscellaneous C interoperability changes -- 22 Fortran 2018 conformance with ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011 -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Subnormal values -- 22.3 Type for floating-point modes -- 22.4 Rounding modes -- 22.5 Rounded conversions -- 22.6 Fused multiply-add -- 22.7 Test sign -- 22.8 Conversion to integer type -- 22.9 Remainder functions -- 22.10 Maximum and minimum values -- 22.11 Adjacent machine numbers -- 22.12 Comparisons -- 22.13 Hexadecimal significand input/output -- 23 Minor Fortran 2018 features -- 23.1 Default accessibility for entities accessed from a module -- 23.2 Requiring explicit procedure declarations -- 23.3 Using the properties of an object in its initialization -- 23.4 Generic procedures -- 23.5 Enhancements to stop and error stop -- 23.6 New intrinsic procedures -- 23.7 Existing intrinsic procedures -- 23.8 Use of non-standard features -- 23.9 Kind of the do variable in implied-do loops -- 23.10 Improving do concurrent performance -- 23.11 Control of host association -- 23.12 Intent in requirements and the value attribute -- 23.13 Pure procedures -- 23.14 Recursive and non-recursive procedures -- 23.15 Input/output -- 23.16 Assumed rank -- A Deprecated features -- A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Storage associations -- A.3 Alternative form of relational operator -- A.4 The include line -- A.5 The do while statement -- A.6 Double precision real -- A.7 The dimension, codimension, and parameter statements -- A.8 Non-default mapping for implicit typing -- A.9 Fortran 2008 deprecated features -- B Obsolescent and deleted features -- B.1 Features obsolescent in Fortran 95 -- B.2 Feature obsolescent in Fortran 2008: Entry statement -- B.3 Features obsolescent in Fortran 2018 -- B.4 Features deleted in Fortran 95 -- B.5 Feature deleted in Fortran 2003: Carriage control -- B.6 Features deleted in Fortran 2018 -- C Object-oriented list example -- D Solutions to exercises.
Summary:
Fortran marches on, remaining one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. A series of significant revisions to the standard versions of the language have progressively enhanced its capabilities, and the latest standard - Fortran 2018 - includes many additions and improvements. This second edition of Modern Fortran Explained expands on the first. Given the release of updated versions of Fortran compilers, the separate descriptions of Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 have been incorporated into the main text, which thereby becomes a unified description of the full Fortran 2008 language versions have been resolved. Four completely new chapters describe the additional features of Fortran 2018, with its enhancements to coarrays for parallel programming, interoperability with C, IEEE arithmetic, and various other improvements. Written by leading experts in the field, two of whom have actively contributed to Fortran 2018, this is a complete and authoritative description of Fortran in its latest form. It is intended for new and existing users of the language, and for all those involved in scientific and numerical computing. It is suitable as a textbook for teaching and, with its index, as a handy reference for practitioners--From back cover.
This resource is supported by the Institute of Museum and Library Services under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act as administered by State Library of Iowa.