Nunn's applied respiratory physiology / Andrew B. Lumb, MB, BS, FRCA, Consultant Anaesthetist, St. James University Hospital, Honorary Clinical Associate Professor in Anaesthesia, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK ; foreword by Ronald G. Pearl, MD, PhD, Dr. Richard K. and Erika N. Richards Professor, Chairman, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
APPENDIX E Exponential Functions. 1. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract -- Mouth, Nose and Pharynx -- Larynx -- Tracheobronchial Tree -- Alveoli -- Alveolar Cell Types -- Pulmonary Vasculature -- 2. Elastic Forces and Lung Volumes -- Elastic Recoil of the Lungs -- Elastic Recoil of the Thoracic Cage -- Pressure/Volume Relationships of the Lung Plus Thoracic Cage -- Static Lung Volumes -- Principles of Measurement of Compliance -- Principles of Measurement of Lung Volumes -- 3. Respiratory System Resistance -- Physical Principles of Gas Flow and Resistance -- Respiratory System Resistance -- Factors Affecting Respiratory Resistance -- Muscular Control of Airway Diameter -- Drug Effects on Airway Smooth Muscle -- Compensation for Increased Resistance to Breathing -- Principles of Measurement of Respiratory Resistance and Closing Capacity -- 4. Control of Breathing -- Origin of the Respiratory Rhythm -- Central Nervous System Connections to the Respiratory Centre -- Peripheral Input to the Respiratory Centre and Nonchemical Reflexes -- Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Respiratory Control -- Influence of Oxygen on Respiratory Control -- Integration of the Chemical Control of Breathing -- Periodic Breathing -- Breath Holding -- Drug Effects on the Control of Breathing -- Methods for Assessment of Breathing Control -- 5. Pulmonary Ventilation -- Upper Airway Muscles -- Respiratory Muscles of the Trunk -- Integration of Respiratory Muscle Activity -- Neuronal Control of Respiratory Muscles -- Respiratory Muscle Fatigue and Disuse -- Work of Breathing -- Measurement of Ventilation -- Measurement of Ventilatory Capacity -- Assessment of the Respiratory Muscles -- 6. Pulmonary Circulation -- Pulmonary Blood Flow -- Pulmonary Blood Volume -- Pulmonary Vascular Pressures -- Pulmonary Vascular Resistance -- Passive Changes in Pulmonary Vascular Resistance -- Active Control of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance -- Drug Effects on the Pulmonary Circulation -- Principles of Measurement of the Pulmonary Circulation -- 7. Distribution of Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion -- Distribution of Ventilation -- Distribution of Perfusion -- Ventilation in Relation to Perfusion -- Dead Space -- Venous Admixture or Shunt -- Effect of Scatter of V/Q Ratios on Arterial Po2 -- Principles of Assessment of Distribution of Ventilation and Pulmonary Blood Flow -- 8. Diffusion of Respiratory Gases -- Fundamentals of the Diffusion Process -- Diffusion of Oxygen in the Lungs -- Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide in the Lungs -- Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide in the Lungs -- Factors Affecting Diffusing Capacity -- Diffusion of Oxygen in the Tissues -- Principles of Measurement of Diffusing Capacity -- 9. Carbon Dioxide -- Carriage of Carbon Dioxide in Blood -- Factors Influencing the Carbon Dioxide Tension in the Steady State -- Carbon Dioxide Stores and the Unsteady State -- Apnoea -- Carbon Dioxide Carriage during Hypothermia -- Outline of Methods of Measurement of Carbon Dioxide -- 10. Oxygen -- Oxygen Cascade -- Carriage of Oxygen in the Blood -- Role of Oxygen in the Cell -- Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Cell -- Oxygen Stores -- Cyanosis -- Principles of Measurement of Oxygen Levels -- Measurement of Oxygen Consumption and Delivery -- 11. Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung -- Filtration -- Defence Against Inhaled Substances -- Defence Against Inhaled Pathogens -- Processing of Endogenous Compounds by the Pulmonary Vasculature -- Pharmacokinetics and the Lung -- Endocrine Lung -- pt. 2 APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY -- 12. Pregnancy, Neonates and Children -- Respiratory Function in Pregnancy -- Lungs before Birth -- Events at Birth -- Neonatal Lung Function -- Premature Birth and the Lungs -- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome -- Development of Lung Function During Childhood -- 13. Exercise -- Oxygen Consumption during Exercise -- Anaerobic Metabolism -- Ventilatory Response to Exercise -- Fitness and Training -- 14. Sleep -- Normal Sleep -- Sleep-Disordered Breathing -- 15. High Altitude and Flying -- Respiratory System Responses to Altitude -- Altitude Illness -- Flying -- 16. High Pressure and Diving -- Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide -- Effects Attributable to the Composition of the Inspired Gas -- Types of Diving Activity and Their Respiratory Effects -- Respiratory Aspects of Decompression Illness -- 17. Respiration in Closed Environments and Space -- Closed-System Anaesthesia -- Submarines -- Space -- Microgravity -- Biospheres -- 18. Drowning -- Physiology of Immersion -- Physiological Mechanisms of Drowning -- Role of Hypothermia -- Principles of Therapy for Near-Drowning -- 19. Smoking and Air Pollution -- Tobacco Smoke -- Mechanisms of Smoking-Related Lung Damage -- Air Pollution -- 20. Anaesthesia -- Control of Breathing -- Pattern of Contraction of Respiratory Muscles -- Change in Functional Residual Capacity -- Atelectasis During Anaesthesia -- Respiratory Mechanics -- Gas Exchange -- Other Effects of General Anaesthesia on the Respiratory System -- Special Conditions Arising during Anaesthesia -- Regional Anaesthesia -- Respiratory Function in the Postoperative Period -- 21. Changes in the Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure -- Causes of Hypocapnia -- Causes of Hypercapnia -- Effects of Carbon Dioxide on the Nervous System -- Effects on Other Physiological Systems -- Hypercapnia in Clinical Practice -- 22. Hypoxia -- Biochemical Changes in Hypoxia -- Mechanisms of Hypoxic Cell Damage -- Po2 Levels at Which Hypoxia Occurs -- Effects of Hypoxia -- 23. Anaemia -- Pulmonary Function -- Oxygen Delivery -- Anaemia and Exercise -- What is the Optimal Haemoglobin Concentration in the Clinical Setting? -- 24. Oxygen Toxicity and Hyperoxia -- Hyperoxia -- Oxygen Toxicity -- Defences Against Reactive Oxygen Species -- Normobaric Hyperoxia -- Hyperbaric Oxygenation -- 25. Comparative Respiratory Physiology -- Designs of Respiratory System -- Structural Designs for Gas-Exchange Apparatus -- Factors Affecting Respiratory System Design -- Respiratory Systems of Major Phyla -- Carriage of Gases in Blood -- Animals at Physiological Extremes -- Pathophysiology of Animal Respiratory Diseases in Veterinary Practice -- pt. 3 PHYSIOLOGY OF PULMONARY DISEASE -- 26. Ventilatory Failure -- Pattern of Changes in Arterial Blood Gases -- Causes of Ventilatory Failure -- Relationship between Ventilatory Capacity and Ventilatory Failure -- Breathlessness -- Principles of Therapy for Ventilatory Failure -- 27. Airways Disease -- Asthma -- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- Cystic Fibrosis -- Assessment of Airway Disease by Exhaled Breath Analysis -- 28. Pulmonary Vascular Disease -- Pulmonary Oedema -- Pulmonary Embolism -- Pulmonary Hypertension -- Hepatopulmonary Syndrome -- 29. Diseases of the Lung Parenchyma and Pleura -- Pulmonary Collapse -- Pulmonary Consolidation (Pneumonia) -- Interstitial Lung Disease and Pulmonary Fibrosis -- Lung Cancer -- Pleural Disease -- 30. Acute Lung Injury -- Clinical Aspects of Acute Lung Injury -- Mechanisms of Acute Lung Injury -- Principles of Therapy -- 31. Respiratory Support and Artificial Ventilation -- Respiratory Physiotherapy -- Noninvasive Ventilation -- Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation -- Clinical Use of IPPV -- Positive End-Expiratory Pressure -- Physiological Effects of Positive Pressure Ventilation -- Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury -- Artificial Ventilation for Resuscitation -- Extrapulmonary Gas Exchange -- 32. Pulmonary Surgery -- Physiological Aspects of Common Interventions -- One-Lung Ventilation -- Lung Transplantation -- APPENDIX A Physical Quantities and Units of Measurement -- SI Units -- Volume -- Fluid Flow Rate -- Force -- Pressure -- Compliance -- Resistance to Fluid Flow -- Work -- Power -- APPENDIX B Gas Laws -- APPENDIX C Conversion Factors for Gas Volumes -- APPENDIX D Symbols and Abbreviations -- APPENDIX E Mathematical Functions Relevant to Respiratory Physiology -- Linear Function -- Rectangular Hyperbola or Inverse Function -- Parabola or Squared Function -- Exponential Functions.
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