Front Cover; An Introduction to Ethical, Safety and Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Biotechnology; Copyright Page; Dedication; Contents; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgments; How to Use This Book; 1 Genes, Genomes, and Genomics; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Development of Gene Concept; 1.3 Genes; 1.4 Genomes; 1.5 Genomics; 1.6 The Human Genome Project (HGP); 1.7 Applications of Genomics; 1.7.1 Phylogenetic Analysis; 1.7.2 Genetic Testing and Diagnostics; 1.7.3 Pharmacogenomics; 1.7.4 Forensics; 1.7.5 Recombinant DNA Technology; 1.7.6 Gene Therapy; 1.7.7 Genome Editing 1.7.8 Synthetic Biology1.8 Ethical, Legal, and Social Implication; 1.9 Genetic Reductionism; 1.10 Summary; References; Further Reading; Reviews; Web resources; Human genome project; ELSI; Synthetic Biology; 2 Cloning; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Cloning Animals; 2.2.1 Dolly; 2.2.2 Progress in Cloning After Dolly; 2.2.3 Limitations of Nuclear Transfer; 2.2.4 Applications of Cloning; 2.2.4.1 Multiplication of elite strains of livestock for meat and milk; 2.2.4.2 Creation of transgenic livestock for production of pharmaceuticals ("Pharming") 2.2.4.3 Creation of transgenic livestock for production of nutraceuticals2.2.4.4 Derivation of stem cells for cell-based therapies (therapeutic cloning); 2.2.4.5 Production of transgenic animals for xenotransplantation; 2.2.4.6 Models for understanding aging and cancer; 2.2.4.7 Conservation of rare breeds; 2.2.4.8 Cloning for companionship and entertainment; 2.2.5 Ethical Issues in Cloning Animals; 2.2.5.1 Pain and suffering experienced by the animals during the cloning process; 2.2.5.2 The effect of the cloned animals on other populations of animals 2.2.5.3 Compromising the safety of food from livestock2.2.5.4 Effect on the environment; 2.2.5.5 Creation of unwanted animals; 2.2.5.6 Unnatural modification of animal species-"playing God"; 2.2.5.7 Potential for misleading bereaved pet owners regarding resurrection of their beloved pets; 2.2.6 Laws and Public Policy on Reproductive Cloning in Animals; 2.2.6.1 European Union; 2.2.6.2 United States of America; 2.2.6.3 Canada; 2.2.6.4 Argentina; 2.2.6.5 Brazil; 2.2.6.6 Australia; 2.2.6.7 Others; 2.3 Human Cloning; 2.3.1 Ethical Considerations; 2.3.1.1 "Playing God" 2.3.1.2 Commodification of life2.3.1.3 Legal/Social status of a clone; 2.3.1.4 Safety/Health and quality of life of the clone; 2.3.1.5 Eugenics; 2.3.2 Laws and Public Policy on Reproductive Cloning in Humans; 2.3.2.1 The United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning; 2.3.2.2 UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights; 2.3.2.3 Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, 1998; 2.3.2.4 European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights, 2000; 2.3.2.5 Legislation at the National Level; 2.3.2.5.1 United Kingdom-Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001
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