Includes bibliographical references (p. 497-520) and index.
Contents:
1. Race, ethnicity, and crime: American's continuing crisis -- Race, ethnicity, and justice in America -- Is discrimination just a myth? -- The colors of America: racial and ethnic categories -- Politics of racial and ethnic labels -- The quality of criminal justice data on race and ethnicity -- The crime and immigration controversy -- Sorting out the issues on immigration, unauthorized immigration, and crime -- The geography of racial and ethnic justice -- Disparity versus discrimination -- A theoretical perspective on race, ethnicity, and crime -- Alternative theories -- 2. Victims and offenders: myths and realities about crime -- Popular images of victims and offenders: a racial hoax -- Media and crime -- Racial hoaxes -- Race and gender of crime victims -- Broader picture of the crime victim -- The National Crime Victimization Survey -- Household victimization -- The effect of urbanization -- Personal victimization -- Lifetime likelihood of victimization -- Homicide victimization -- A more comprehensive picture of the crime victim -- Picture of the typical offender -- Official arrest statistics -- Problems with UCR data -- Arrest data -- Perceptions of offenders by victims -- Problems with NCVS Offender data -- Perceptions of offenders -- Self-report surveys -- Characteristics of offenders -- Theoretical explanations for the racial gap in offending -- Community influence on the racial gap in offending rates -- Drug offenders -- Picture of the typical criminal offender -- Crime as an intraracial event -- National Crime Victimization Survey -- Uniform Crime Report Homicide Reports -- Crime as an interracial (hate) event -- Ethnic youth gangs -- Gang myths and realities -- Varieties of ethnic gangs -- African American -- Native American -- Asian American -- Hispanic -- White -- 3. Race ethnicity, social structure, and crime -- Snapshot of social inequality and criminal justice -- Inequality and crime -- Long-term trends and the recession -- Two societies? -- Economic inequality -- Income -- Wealth -- The "family thing": inheritance -- The growing gap between the very rich and most Americans -- Unemployment -- Poverty status -- Insurance coverage -- Social capital and cultural capital -- The debate over the Underclass -- Community social structure -- Residential segregation -- Residential segregation and crime -- The impact of crime and drugs -- Well-being -- Theoretical perspectives on inequality and crime -- Social Strain Theory -- Differential Association Theory -- Social Disorganization Theory -- Culture Conflict Theory -- Conflict Theory -- Routing Activity Theory -- Limits of current theories -- Inequality and social reform -- The impact of the Civil Rights Movement -- 4. Justice on the street? The police and racial and ethnic minorities -- Unequal justice? -- Contextual approach -- Long history of conflict -- The police and a changing America -- Public attitudes about the police -- Perceptions of police officer conduct -- Policing racial and ethnic minority communities -- The African American Community -- The Hispanic Community -- The Native American Community -- Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islanders -- The Middle Eastern Community -- Police use of deadly force -- Disparity versus discrimination in police shootings -- Long-term changes in police use of deadly force -- Controlling police shootings -- "Police brutality" : police use of physical force -- Discrimination in arrests? -- Impact of the War on Drugs -- Impact of an arrest record -- Reducing disparities in police use of force and arrests: recent research -- Traffic stops: racial profiling -- The use of race in law enforcement -- Profiling contexts -- The data on traffic stops -- Interpreting traffic stop data -- The PERF Policy on traffic enforcement -- Eliminating bias in traffic enforcement -- The impact of formal policies: the case of the customs Bureau -- The impact of the Media on police conduct -- National-level progress on racial disparities? -- Continued progress? The impact of the recession -- Street stops and frisks -- Special issue: stereotyping and routine police work -- Verbal abuse -- Police officer attitudes and behavior -- Police corruption and people of color -- Police-community relations programs -- Special PCR units -- Community policing and problem-oriented policing -- Responding to community concerns -- Reducing office misconduct -- Citizen complaints against the police -- Citizen oversight of the police -- Police employment practices -- "Not your father's police department" -- Trends in African American and Hispanic employment -- The Law of Employment Discrimination -- The Affirmative Action controversy -- Discrimination in assignment -- The impact of diversity -- Officers of color as supervisors and chief executives -- 5. The Courts: a quest for justice during the pretrial process -- African Americans in court: The Case of the Scottsboro Boys -- The situation today -- Decision regarding counsel and bail -- Racial minorities and the Right to Counsel -- Racial minorities and bail decision making -- Charging and plea bargaining decisions -- Prosecutors' charging decisions -- Prosecutional discretion in the context of mandatory minimum sentences and habitual offender laws -- The effect of offender race and victim race on charging decisions -- Prosecution of pregnant women who abuse drugs: racial discrimination? -- Race and plea bargaining decisions -- 6. Justice on the Bench? -- Trial and adjudication in Criminal Court -- Race / ethnicity and the criminal trial -- Trial and adjudication in the Twenty-First Century -- Selection of the jury pool -- Racial discrimination in selection of the jury pool -- The exclusion of Mexican-Americans from jury service -- Techniques for increasing racial diversity -- The peremptory challenge: racial profiling in the courtroom? -- The Supreme Court and the peremptory challenge: from Swain to Batson -- Race and jury selection in the Twenty-First Century -- Exonerating the innocent: rape, race, and mistaken eyewitness identification -- Rape, race and misidentification -- Playing the "race card" in a criminal trial -- Race-conscious jury nullification: Black Power in the courtroom? -- Randall Kennedy's critique -- 7. Race and sentencing: in search of fairness and justice -- Race and sentencing: is the United States moving forward or backward? -- Racial disparity in sentencing -- Five explanations for racial disparities in sentencing -- Empirical research on race and sentencing -- When does race / ethnicity matter? -- Race / ethnicity and sentencing: direct and indirect effects -- Are Hispanics sentenced more harshly than all other offenders? -- Are illegal immigrants sentenced differently than U.S. citizens? -- Are Asian Americans sentenced more leniently than all other offenders? -- Native Americans and sentencing disparity: disparity in State and Federal Courts -- Race / ethnicity, gender, age, and employment: a volatile combination? -- Differential treatment of interracial and intraracial sexual assault -- Offender-victim race and sentences for sexual assault -- The effect of race on sentencing for various types of crimes -- The liberation hypothesis and offenders convicted of violent felonies -- Racial discrimination in the sentencing of misdemeanor offenders? -- Sentencing and the War on Drugs -- Racial disparities in sentences imposed for drug offenses -- Sentencing of drug offenders in State Courts -- Sentencing of drug offenders in Federal Courts -- Does it make a difference? Comparison of the sentencing decisions of African American, Hispanic, and White judges -- Decision making by African American and White Federal judges -- Decision making by African American and White State Court judges -- Reasons for similarities in decision making -- 8. The color of death: race and the death penalty -- The constitutionality of the death penalty -- Furman v. Georgia -- Post-Furman decisions -- Attitudes toward capital punishment -- Race and the death penalty: the empirical evidence -- Statistical evidence of racial disparity -- Pre-Furman studies -- Post-Gregg studies -- Race and the Federal capital sentencing process -- Explanations for disparate treatment -- McClesky v. Kemp: the Supreme Court and racial discrimination in the application of the death penalty -- The aftermath of McCleskey: calls for reform or abolition of the death penalty -- The Racial Justice Act -- The death penalty in the Twenty-First Century -- The Movement to Reform the Death Penalty -- The Movement to Abolish the Death Penalty -- 9. Corrections in America: a portrait in color -- The incarcerated: prison and jail populations -- Minority overrepresentation -- Racial and ethnic female prisoners -- Federal racial and ethnic prisoners -- Security levels of facilities -- Race, ethnicity, and recidivism -- Historic trends -- Impact of the War on Drugs -- Incarceration rates -- Jails and minorities -- The role of jail -- Minority overrepresentation -- Community corrections -- Parole: early release from prison -- Success and failure of parole -- Probation: a case of sentencing discrimination? -- Community corrections: a Native American example -- Theoretical perspectives on the racial distribution of correctional populations -- Adjustment to prison -- Hostility among released inmates -- Race and religion -- Prison gangs -- Aryan Brotherhood -- Black Guerilla Family -- Mandingo Warriors -- Mexican Mafia -- Neta -- Texas Syndicate -- Women in prison -- 10. Minority youth and crime: minority youth in court -- Young racial minorities as victims and offenders -- Juveniles as victims of crime -- Juveniles as offenders -- Juveniles of color and the police -- Race / ethnicity and the Juvenile Justice System -- Race / ethnicity and Juvenile Court outcomes in five jurisdictions -- Race / ethnicity, gender, and age: Juvenile justice in Nebraska -- Transfer of juveniles to Criminal Court -- Explaining disparate treatment of juvenile offenders -- Juveniles under correctional supervision -- 11. The color of justice -- Explaining persistent racial and ethnic disparities -- Explaining the disparities: systematic discrimination? -- Past and present -- The stubborn persistence of racial and ethnic disparities.
This resource is supported by the Institute of Museum and Library Services under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act as administered by State Library of Iowa.