Enlightened minds : Baron de Montesquieu and the Marquis Beccaria -- Blackstone, Bentham, and beyond : proportionality and the tyranny of unnecessary punishments -- America's founders and framers : disproportionate punishments and the necessity-for-punishment maxim -- The parsimony principle : the sentencing guidelines and the French connection -- "Evolving standards of decency" : the U.S. Constitution's Eighth Amendment -- The times they are a-changin : unusual punishments and the shifting nature of necessity -- American criminal justice and needless severity : the death penalty, solitary confinement, and non-violent offenders -- With liberty and justice for all : bail reform and the cruelty of unnecessary punishments.
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