pt. I. Introduction and historical perspectives -- 1. Introduction -- What economics is about -- Uses of economic theory -- The scope of economics -- Individuals, families, and households -- Appendix 1A. Review of supply and demand in the labor market -- 2. Women and men : historical perspectives -- Source of gender differences : nature versus nurture (the ongoing debate) -- Factors influencing women's relative status -- Women's roles and economic development -- The US experience -- Colonial America -- Period of industrialization -- The evolution of the family and women's labor force participation -- Historical evidence on occupations and earnings -- Economic incentives : an engine of change for women's property rights -- College-educated women over the last 100 years : work, family, or both? -- pt. II. The allocation of time between the household and the labor market -- 3. The family as an economic unit : theoretical perspectives -- The simple Neoclassical model : specialization and exchange -- Comparative advantage -- Specialization and exchange : numerical examples -- Decreasing gains to specialization and exchange and the shift away from the traditional family -- Disadvantages of specialization -- Lack of sharing of housework -- Life cycle changes -- Costs of interdependence -- Tastes and bargaining power -- Domestic violence -- Advantages of families beyond specialization -- Economies of scale -- Public goods -- Externalities in consumption -- Gains from shared consumption -- Marriage-specific investments -- Risk pooling -- Institutional advantages -- Transaction cost and bargaining approaches -- Appendix 3A. Specialization and exchange : a graphical analysis -- 4. The family as an economic unit : evidence -- Time spent in nonmarket work -- Time spent in housework -- Time spent with children -- Time spent in volunteer work -- Estimating the value of nonmarket production -- The September 11th Victim Compensation fund of 2001 : just compensation? -- The American family in the Twenty-First Century -- The state of unions in the United States -- 5. The labor force : definitions and trends -- Trends in labor force participation -- Broad labor force trends by gender : 1890 to present -- Labor force trends by race/ethnicity -- Labor force trends over the life cycle -- Trends in labor force attachment of women -- Trends in hours worked -- Trends in gender differences in unemployment -- 6. The labor supply decision -- The budget constraint -- Indifference curves -- The labor force participation decision -- The value of nonmarket time (w*) -- The value of market time (w) -- The hours decision -- Empirical evidence on the responsiveness of labor supply to wages and income -- Labor supply elasticities -- Economic conditions -- Some applications of the theory : taxes, childcare costs, and labor supply -- Taxes and the decision to work -- Government subsidies of childcare and women's labor force participation -- Other factors affecting childcare costs and women's labor force participation -- analyzing the long-term growth in women's labor force participation -- Recent trends in women's labor force participation : has the engine of growth stalled? -- Analyzing trends in men's labor force participation -- Black and white participation differentials : serious employment problems for black men. pt. III. Labor market outcomes : theory, evidence, and policy -- 7. Evidence on gender differences in labor market outcomes -- Gender differences in occupations -- Measuring occupational segregation -- Hierarchies within occupations -- Trends in occupational segregation by sex -- Women in the military : no positions are off limits as of 2016 -- The gender pay ration -- Gender differences in union membership -- Gender differences in self-employment -- Gender differences in nonstandard work -- 8. Gender differences in educational attainment : theory and evidence -- Supply and demand explanations : an overview -- What is human capital? -- Gender differences in levels of educational attainment -- Gender differences in high school coursework and college field of study -- The educational investment decision -- The rising college wage or earnings premium -- Education and productivity -- Gender differences in educational investment decisions : the human capital explanation -- Gender differences in education investment decisions : social influences and anticipation of discrimination -- Overt discrimination by educational institutions -- Socialization -- Biased evaluations -- Subtle barriers : role models, mentoring, and networking -- The impact of Title IX : sports, academics, sexual harassment, and sexual violence -- Explaining women's rising educational attainment -- 9. Other supply-side sources of gender differences in labor market outcomes -- On-the-job training and labor market experience -- Gender differences in labor market experience -- Why do firms pay tuition benefits? -- Experience and productivity -- gender differences in training investment decisions -- Occupations and earnings -- Temporal flexibility and the gender wage gap -- Family-related earnings gaps -- Gender differences in psychological attributes -- Attitudes toward negotiating -- attitudes toward competition -- Attitudes toward risk -- A closer look at gender differences in math test scores -- Women, math, and stereotype threat -- 10. Evidence on the sources of gender differences in earnings and occupations : supply-side factors versus labor market discrimination -- Labor market discrimination -- Analyzing the sources of gender differences in labor market outcomes -- Empirical evidence on the sources of gender differences in earnings -- The effect of sexual orientation and gender identity on earnings -- Evidence of discrimination form court cases -- The declining gender pay gap -- Widening wage inequality -- The minimum wage -- Empirical evidence on the causes and consequences of gender differences in occupations -- Occupational segregation -- Is there a glass ceiling? -- Appendix 10A. Regression analysis and empirical estimates of labor market discrimination -- 11. Labor market discrimination : theory -- Tastes for discrimination -- Subtle barriers -- Statistical discrimination -- The overcrowding model -- Institutional models -- 12. Government policies to combat employment discrimination -- Rationales for government intervention -- Equal employment opportunity laws and regulations -- Equal Pay Act -- Title VII of the Civil Rights Act- -- Executive Order 11246 and Affirmative Action --Major court decisions and legislation that have shaped the equal employment laws and regulations -- Effectiveness of the government's anti discrimination effort Affirmative Action -- Quotas for women in the boardroom -- Comparable worth -- Job evaluation. pt. IV. The economics of the family : theory, evidence, and policy -- 13. Changing work roles and family formation -- Economic explanations for family formation -- Marriage -- Divorce -- Cohabitation : opposite-sex couples -- Cohabitation and marriage : same-sex couples -- Fertility -- Trends in fertility rates : World War II to present -- Timing of fertility in educational attainment -- Births to unmarried mothers -- Teen births -- Births to older mothers -- 14. The changing American family and implications for family well-being -- Changing family structure -- Dual-earner married-couple families -- Single-parent families -- Poverty : incidence and measurement -- Implications for children;s well-being -- Maternal employment, childcare, and children's outcomes -- Family economic disadvantage and children's outcomes -- Family structure and children's outcomes -- 15. Government policies affecting family well-being -- Policies to alleviate poverty -- Aid to families with dependent children : the former US Welfare Program -- Temporary assistance to needy families : the current US. Welfare Program -- The Earned Income Tax Credit -- Employment strategies -- Child support enforcement -- Taxes, specialization, and marriage -- Federal Income Tax -- Social Security -- 16. Balancing the competing demands of work and family -- Challenges faced by low-wage workers with families -- Challenges for highly education professional women -- Prominent women debate whether highly educated women can "have it all" -- Particular challenges for women in balancing work and family -- Rationales for government and employer policies to assist workers -- Family leave -- Childcare -- Other family-friendly policies -- Alternative work schedules -- Flexible benefits -- Policies to assist couples -- pt. V. The economic status of the world's women -- 17. Gender differences around the world -- Indicators of women's economic status -- Labor force participation -- Time spent in unpaid work -- Educational attainment -- Benefits of educating girls -- Cross-national trends in fertility rates -- Variations in sex ratios at birth -- Women's political and legal empowerment -- Multidimensional measures of women's status -- Economic development, globalization, and women's status -- Microcredit for women : lifeline or mirage? -- 18. A comparison of the United States to other economically advanced countries -- International differences in policies and institutions -- US women's labor force participation in an international context -- The US gender wage ratio in an international context -- Comparable worth in Australia -- Understanding low fertility in economically advanced countries.
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