40 records matched your query       

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008 070517s2005    xxu---            vleng d
035    $a (OCoLC)129450748
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082 04 $a 500 $2 22
245 00 $a Medicine and physics $h [DVD] / $c presented by the Science Channel.
246 3  $a Medicine & physics $h [DVD]
246 30 $a Physics $h [DVD]
246 3  $a Greatest discoveries $h [DVD]
246 3  $a 100 greatest discoveries $h [DVD]
246 3  $a One-Hundred greatest discoveries $h [DVD]
260    $a [United States] : $b Science Channel ; $c c2005.
300    $a 1 videodisc : $b sd., col. ; $c 4 3/4 in.
440  0 $a 100 greatest discoveries
500    $a For specific features see interactive menu.
505 0  $a Host Bill Nye examines eight major areas of modern science, giving history and current information. Includes a closer look at the top ten. Part of, 100 greatest discoveries series ; One-Hundred greatest discoveries series.
505 0  $a Medicine --- 1. Human Anatomy (1538) Andreas Vesalius dissects human corpses, revealing detailed information about human anatomy and correcting earlier views. Vesalius believes that understanding anatomy is crucial to performing surgery, so he dissects human corpses himself (unusual for the time). His anatomical charts detailing the blood and nervous systems, produced as a reference aid for his students, are copied so often that he is forced to publish them to protect their accuracy. In 1543 he publishes De Humani Corporis Fabrica, transforming the subject of anatomy. 2. Blood Circulation (1628) William Harvey discovers that blood circulates through the body and names the heart as the organ responsible for pumping the blood. His groundbreaking work, Anatomical Essay on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, published in 1628, lays the groundwork for modern physiology. 3. Blood Groups (1902) Austrian biologist Karl Landsteiner and his group discover four blood groups and develop a system of classification. Knowledge of the different blood types is crucial to performing safe blood transfusions, now a common practice. 4. Anesthesia (18421846) Several scientists discover that certain chemicals can be used as anesthetics, making it possible to perform surgery without pain. The earliest experiments with anesthetic agents  nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and sulfuric ether  are performed mainly by 19th-century dentists. 5. X-rays (1895) Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovers X-rays as he conducts experiments with the radiation from cathode rays (electrons). He notices that the rays are able to penetrate opaque black paper wrapped around a cathode ray tube, causing a nearby table to glow with florescence. His discovery revolutionizes physics and medicine, earning him the first-ever Nobel Prize for physics in 1901. 6. Germ Theory (1800s) French chemist Louis Pasteur finds that certain microbes are disease-causing agents. At the time, the origin of diseases such as cholera, anthrax and rabies is a mystery. Pasteur formulates a germ theory, postulating that these diseases and many others are caused by bacteria. Pasteur is called the "father of bacteriology" because his work leads to a new branch of scientific study. 7. Vitamins (early 1900s) Frederick Hopkins and others discover that some diseases are caused by deficiencies of certain nutrients, later called vitamins. Through feeding experiments with laboratory animals, Hopkins concludes that these "accessory food factors" are essential to health. 8. Penicillin (1920s1930s) Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin, then Howard Florey and Boris Chain isolate and purify the compound, producing the first antibiotic. Fleming's discovery comes completely by accident when he notices that mold has killed a bacteria sample in a petri dish that is languishing under a pile in his lab's sink. Fleming isolates a sample of the mold and identifies it as Penicillium notatum. With controlled experimentation, Florey and Chain later find the compound cures mice with bacterial infections. 9. Sulfa Drugs (1930s) Gerhard Domagk discovers that Prontosil, an orange-red dye, cures infections caused by the common bacteria streptococci. The finding opens the door to the synthesis of chemotherapeutic drugs (or "wonder drugs") and sulfa drugs in particular. 10. Vaccination (1796) Edward Jenner, an English country doctor, performs the first vaccination against smallpox after discovering that inoculation with cowpox provides immunity. Jenner formulated his theory after noticing that patients who work with cattle and had come into contact with cowpox never came down with smallpox when an epidemic ravaged the countryside in 1788. 11. Insulin (1920s) Frederick Banting and his colleagues discover the hormone insulin, which helps balance blood sugar levels in diabetes patients and allows them to live normal lives. Before insulin, diabetes meant a slow and certain death. 12. Oncogenes (Genetic Basis of Cancer) (1975) Harold Varmus and Michael Bishop discover oncogenes  normal genes that control growth in every living cell, but can contribute to converting normal cells into cancer cells if mutated or present in abnormally high amounts. Cancer cells are cells that multiply uncontrollably. Varmus and Bishop worked from the theory that the growth of cancerous cells does not occur as the result of an invasion from outside the cell, but as a result of mutations possibly aggravated by environmental toxins such as radiation or smoke. 13. The Human Retrovirus HIV (1980s) Competing scientists Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier separately discover a new retrovirus later dubbed HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), and identify it as the causative agent of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
505 0  $a Physics --- 1. The Law of Falling Bodies (1604) Galileo Galilei overturns nearly 2,000 years of Aristotelian belief that heavier bodies fall faster than lighter ones by proving that all bodies fall at the same rate. 2. Universal Gravitation (1666) Isaac Newton comes to the conclusion that all objects in the universe, from apples to planets, exert gravitational attraction on each other. 3. Laws of Motion (1687) Isaac Newton changes our understanding of the universe by formulating three laws to describe the movement of objects. 1) An object in motion remains in motion unless an external force is applied to it. 2) The relationship between an object's mass (m), its acceleration (a) and the applied force (F) is F = ma. 3) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. 4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics (1824  1850) Scientists working to improve the efficiency of steam engines develop an understanding of the conversion of heat into work. They learn that the flow of heat from higher to lower temperatures is what drives a steam engine, likening the process to the flow of water that turns a mill wheel. Their work leads to three principles: heat flows spontaneously from a hot to a cold body; heat cannot be completely converted into other forms of energy; and systems become more disorganized over time. 5. Electromagnetism (1807  1873) Pioneering experiments uncover the relationship between electricity and magnetism and lead to a set of equations that express the basic laws governing them. One of those experiments unexpectedly yields results in a classroom. In 1820, Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted is speaking to students about the possibility that electricity and magnetism are related. During the lecture, an experiment demonstrates the veracity of his theory in front of the whole class. 6. Special Relativity (1905) Albert Einstein overthrows basic assumptions about time and space by describing how clocks tick slower and distances appear to stretch as objects approach the speed of light. 7. E = mc^2 (1905) Or energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared. Albert Einstein's famous formula proves that mass and energy are different manifestations of the same thing, and that a very small amount of mass can be converted into a very large amount of energy. One profound implication of his discovery is that no object with mass can ever go faster than the speed of light. 8. The Quantum Leap (1900  1935) To describe the behavior of subatomic particles, a new set of natural laws is developed by Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger. A quantum leap is defined as the change of an electron within an atom from one energy state to another. This change happens all at once, not gradually. 9. The Nature of Light (1704  1905) Thought and experimentation by Isaac Newton, Thomas Young and Albert Einstein lead to an understanding of what light is, how it behaves, and how it is transmitted. Newton uses a prism to split white light into its constituent colors and another prism to mix the colors into white light, proving that colored light mixed together makes white light. Young establishes that light is a wave and that wavelength determines color. Finally, Einstein recognizes that light always travels at a constant speed, no matter the speed of the measurer. 10. The Neutron (1935) James Chadwick discovers neutrons, which, together with protons and electrons comprise the atom. This finding dramatically changes the atomic model and accelerates discoveries in atomic physics. 11. Superconductors (1911  1986) The unexpected discovery that some materials have no resistance to the flow of electricity promises to revolutionize industry and technology. Superconductivity occurs in a wide variety of materials, including simple elements like tin and aluminum, various metallic alloys and certain ceramic compounds. 12. Quarks (1962) Murray Gell-Mann proposes the existence of fundamental particles that combine to form composite objects such as protons and neutrons. A quark has both an electric and a "strong" charge. Protons and neutrons each contain three quarks. 13. Nuclear Forces (1666  1957) Discoveries of the basic forces at work on the subatomic level lead to the realization that all interactions in the universe are the result of four fundamental forces of nature  the strong and weak nuclear forces, the electromagnetic force and gravitation.
511 0  $a Hosted by Bill Nye.
521 8  $a MPAA rating: Not rated; grades 6-12.
600 10 $a Nye, Bill.
650  0 $a DVD.
650  0 $a Medicine
650  0 $a Physics
655  7 $a Television programs.
700 1  $a Nye, Bill.
710 2  $a Discovery Communications, Inc.
710 2  $a Science Channel (Television network)
710 2  $a Discovery Education (Firm)
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952    $l PNAX964 $d 20230602010207.0
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