1. Introduction -- 2. Mathematical prelude: a selective introduction to logic and set theory for social scientists -- I. Causal Models and Inference: 3. Causes-of-effects versus effects-of-causes; 4. Causal models; 5. Asymmetry; 6. Hume's two definitions of cause -- II. Within-Case Analysis: 7. Within-case versus cross-case causal analysis; 8. Causal mechanisms and process tracing; 9. Counterfactuals -- III. Concepts and Measurement: 10. Concepts: definitions, indicators, and error; 11. Meaning and measurement; 12. -- Semantics, statistics, and data transformations; 13. Conceptual opposites and typologies -- IV. Research Design and Generalization: 14. Case selection and hypothesis testing; 15. Generalizations; 16. Scope; 17. Conclusion.
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